The Progressive Era Of The 19th Century - 1463 Words

Maya Stepansky Mr. Meyer Progressive Era DBQ Toward the latter part of the 19th century, bustling America, in response to the trends of industrialization and urbanization that characterized its Gilded Age, began its new century by entering into a new historical/political epoch that came to be known as the Progressive Era. This distinctive period in history (spanning from the 1890s through 1920) found progressives seeking to use the American federal government as a means of change through social, political, and economic reforms. Politically, the passage of the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments are evidence of the success of progressive reformers, despite the fact that some of the new laws failed to create desired social changes. The efforts of the progressives were mainly effective when it came to social reforms related to worker’s rights and child labor, but less productive in attaining improved civil rights for African-American citizens. In addition, the government was, to a large extent, successful in the establ ishment of economic reforms to aid the working class, such as those enforced by Woodrow Wilson’s â€Å"Triple Wall of Privilege†; however, President Roosevelt’s famous anti-trust efforts were ultimately not far-reaching enough at the time to eliminate all problematic corporate monopolies and related corruption. During the Progressive Era, political reforms were effectively executed on the national level through the passage of Constitutional amendments. IndeedShow MoreRelatedThe Progressive Era During The 19th Century1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe Progressive Era was social activism and political reform between the 1890s and 1920s. The reformers of the Progressive Era tried to help the corrupt government, improve the not so great economic state for lower and middle class and immigrants, and invoke social change. The reformers were also very effective of making the problems of the 19th century known in America. Media development and some innovation did an excellen t job of bolding all the corruption in the government and scandals of publicRead More Change in Life from Antebellum to the New Deal Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesIt was a long process that took centuries to occur from when America was first colonized by England. America started slow and far behind England and other European countries in the technology race but a diverse culture and the work ethic of American people all helped to push this country forward. From antebellum America in the 19th century, to the Progressive Era in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and finally to the New Deal period in the 20th century, many changes occurred as millionsRead MoreThe Progressive Era857 Words   |  3 Pagesapparent to them and many other times they have no idea it is happening until decades later. Regardless of what happened in different eras of history one thing always holds true, it made America who they are as a country. From the late 19th century into the early 20th cent ury America went through one of these transformations with the birth of the progressive era. It left it’s imprint on American culture and will continue to for decades to come. The decades that worried America and its future wereRead MoreThe During The Progressive Era989 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, various groups responded to the political, social, and economic woes that resulted from the rapid industrialization and urbanization of America during the 19th Century. The mass immigration of foreigners and the northern migration of Africa-Americans led to urban overcrowding and competition for wage-paying jobs. Electric lighting allowed factories to expand the working hours and increase the output of manufactured goods. There was little regulation for employee welfareRead MoreThe First Midterm Assignment During American History1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe late-19th century was the most prolonged time period in American history and also what the bloodiest. Many violent events occurred that gave the 19th century its name, such as, profound labor conflicts between boss and workers, the Indian wars that was an extended battle for peace and a benefit in their lifestyles, the Jim Crow law which was established to separate races throughout the city, and also the fight for the American Empires power. These were the major issues that made the 19th centuryRead MoreThe Progressive Era Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesFrontier, and late Nineteen Century, Agrarianism The development of the United State into an aggregation of civilized settlements and large Cities influenced the economic movement, socially and culturally by the end of the Civil war and first World war. This brought about the industrialization and massive boom in immigration experienced at this period. Urbanization became key in the history of America and it has its influence in the attractiveness of the nation. The progressive era was from 1870 to 1916Read MoreThe Gilded Age : A Powerhouse Rose From The Ashes Of The Civil War871 Words   |  4 PagesProgressives in the Gilded Age The Gilded Age: A powerhouse rose from the ashes of the Civil War. From the Civil War until about 1896, the Gilded Age was born. The United States was going through an era of governmental, fiscal and societal restructuring. Gilded Age got its name because Mark Twain seen as a period where everything seemed to be well on the surface but beneath was a scheme of political dishonesty and self-indulgence. Around this time, the affluent upper class was created due to theRead MoreComparing the Approaches of the Progressive and Populist Movements893 Words   |  4 PagesPopulism vs. Progressivism Essay During the late 19th century and early 20th century the progressive movement and populist movement were groups and organizations getting together to resolve social, economic, and political problems occurring in the United States. Both movements had different approaches to what was more important and how to deal with problems. Progressivism was mainly for the betterment of cities while populism is for agrarian section of farmers. First of all there were social failuresRead MoreThe Progressive Era Essay example1010 Words   |  5 PagesAs the 19th century came to a close a new epoch, known as the Progressive Era emerged in response to industrialization. This early 20th century reform movement pursued control of the government to the people. In order to reinstate economic opportunities and to correct inequity in American life. Progressives believed that government could be used as a powerful tool for social improvement (Gillon, Matson 2009). Although the Progressive ideal was presented by numerous Progressive authors of differentRead MoreThe Populists and Progressives1137 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the late 19th and early 20th century both the Populist Party and Progressive movement wanted to preserve some things, while also addressing the need for reform. Although many of the ideas and goals of these â€Å"Third parties† were initially not legislated and considered far-fetched, many of these ideas later became fundamental laws throughout American history. The Populists and Progressives were both grass roots movements, and addressed the needs of the poor and powerless, for the Populists it

How Nepal Is Characterized As Multilingual And...

Nepal is characterized as multilingual and multicultural country from the very beginning. It is common phenomenon in which Nepalese people are heard using bi/multi-lingual repertoire in their conversation at informal level. This is the case even before Nepal and its people were exposed to the outside world viz. the Hindi and the English languages in particular and other foreign languages in general. It is observed that people living in large city centres and small remote cities and villages are multilingual individuals in terms of the attributes active and passive communication as indicated by Wei (2010, p. 4). The local people in large cities communicate through their active use of Fishman states that:â€Å" Multilingualism often begins in the family and depends upon it for encouragement if not for protection ( Fishman, 1972:82)†. Nepalese people`s ability to speak their mother tongues and second language notably Nepali is the indicative of their bilingual status than multilingual. However, their mother tongue speaking ability or their existing linguistic repertoire is upset by second language or third language they have acquired or learned. For instance, a Nepalese speech participant who has one of the ethnic languages as his/her mother tongue also has Nepali, Hindi, and English as foreign languages at their disposal to use as and when the situation triggers in Nepal. This study will discuss the actual performance of Nepalese bilinguals who exploit the semiotic sources they

Chemicals Analysis Essay Example For Students

Chemicals Analysis Essay Phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi) form a group offour elements in Group 5A of the periodic table. They exhibit increasingmetallic properties going down the group. Nitrogen (N), which heads the group,is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. Phosphorus is a highly reactivenonmetal, arsenic and antimony are poisonous metalloids, and bismuth is a truemetal. Because of the arrangement of the outer electrons in their atoms, each ofthese elements can form up to five chemical bonds with other elements or groupsof elements. Arsenic has an atomic number 33, atomic mass is 74.9216, and itsublimes (passes directly into a vapor without melting) at 613? C. History TheEarths crust contains relatively little arsenic, only about 5.5 parts permillion. Arsenic and some arsenic compounds have been known for a long time. Aristotle thought that arsenic was a kind of sulfur. The Latin word arsenicummeans yellow orpiment (a pigment containing arsenic and sulfur). While knowledgeof arsenic dates back to ancient Greece, it wasnt until the Middle Ages thatits poisonous characteristics were described. It was identified by Albert Magnusabout 1250, and he described the way to manufacture it. Since then the methodhas scarcely changed: the mineral arsenopyrite is heated and decomposes with theliberation of arsenic gas. The gas can be condensed on a cold surface. MetallicArsenic was first produced in the 17th century by heating arsenic with potashand soap. General Properties Arsenic is very similar to antimony and bismuth. Itexists in bright, metallic forms that are stable in air. It is found free innature or in combination with other elements, usually sulfur. It is most oftenused to improve the strength and hardness of alloys, which are combinations ofmetals. Arsenic is a gray, shiny metalloid, which is a moder ately good conductorof heat and electricity, but gray arsenic is brittle and breaks easily. This isthe ordinary, stable form of the element. There are two other allotropes (solidforms)yellow arsenic and black arsenic, whose modifications have no metallicproperties. Occasionally found free in nature, arsenic usually occurs incombination with sulfur, oxygen or certain metals like cobalt, copper, nickel,iron, silver, and tin. In combination, such arsenic is referred to as inorganicarsenic. Arsenic combined with carbon and hydrogen is referred to as organicarsenic. The organic forms are usually less toxic than inorganic forms. Theprincipal arsenic-containing mineral is arsenopyrite. The most widely usedarsenic compound is white arsenic, also called arsenic trioxide. It is usuallyproduces as a by-product of the smelting (melting)of copper or lead. At about400? C it burns with a bluish flame, forming the As2O3 (arsenic trioxide),which is used as a rat poison. In water, arsenic combination s range from beingquite soluble (sodium arsenite and arsenic acid) to practically insoluble(arsenic trisulfide). Twenty-one arsenic compounds are considered to be ofconcern because of their toxicity and/or presence in the environment. CommercialUses Compounds of arsenic have been used since ancient times for many purposes,including medicines and poisons. In Aristotles time it was used to hardencopper. Orpiment and realgar have long been used as depilatories in the leatherindustry. When orpiment is rubbed on silver, it gives the surface a goldencolor. Orpiment thus appears to have one of the properties attributed to thephilosophers stone, and it was therefore an important material for alchemists. Nowadays, it is used in the manufacture of fungicides, weed killers, ratpoisons, herbicides, pesticides and insecticides. It is also used to manufacturelead gun shot, to harden the lead, and used in certain types of electricalequipment and to increase the strength of certain alloys. Arsenic is alsoblended with gallium to produce semiconductors. Effect On Humans Arsenic is adeadly poison and its toxic quality has also been known since ancient times. Inthe human body it accumulates in the hair and the nails, where it can bedetected-even in the bodies of people long dead-by the Marsh test. The Marshtest was devised as a forensic test, where gas arsine is heated to form ametallic mirror of arsenic. Arsenic poisoning may be either acute or chronic. .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b , .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .postImageUrl , .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b , .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b:hover , .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b:visited , .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b:active { border:0!important; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b:active , .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4159fdbfcb7e2f09f182680f856a625b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Zipper EssayAcute poisoning occurs when a person ingests a large quantity of arsenic at onetime. This condition is characterized by vomiting, diarrhea and cramps, and maylead to shock, coma and even death. Chronic poisoning occurs over a longerperiod of time. In cases of chronic poisoning, aneamia and paralysis may appear. Other symptoms include skin lesions that are noncancerous and tingling, andnumbness of the soles and palms that develops into a painful condition calledneuritis. With neuritis, reflexes in the extremities may be impaired and evenlost. Upon identification and treatment of the condition, the patient generallyrecovers within months, although recovery is not always complete. Prolongedlow-dose exposure to arsenic can also cause cancer, usually skin and lungcancer. Breathing arsenic can irritate the nose and throat; eye contact cancause red watery eyes and irritation. Long-term exposure can cause an ulcer orhole in the bone dividing the inner nose, hoarseness, and sore eyes. BAL(British Anti-Lewisite) was developed as an antidote against arsenic-containingwar gas Lewisite, but it also proved useful in treating common arsenicpoisoning. In medicine, 4-aminobenzene arsenic and 4-hydroxybenzene arseniccompounds are used in certain infections. An arsenical is one of a group ofdrugs that contain arsenic and have been used as a medicine. The best known isSalvarsan, an antisyphilis drug. Carbarsone is an arsenical used in treatingamebic dysentery. Arsenical now are being replaced with other drugs. SupplyWorlds production of arsenic trioxide in 1998 were estimated at 42,000 tonnes,with China contributing 33%, Belgium 14%, followed by Ghana, 12%, France 7% andMexico with 7%, at an estimated price of $0.40/lb. World resources of copper andlead were estimated to contain about 11 million tonnes of arsenic. Substantialarsenic resources occur in copper ores in Peru and Philippinesand in copper-goldores in Chile. Canada also has substantial arsenic resources, according to theU.S. Geological Survey. The United States imports all of its arsenic andcompounds with more than 95% coming into the country as arsenic trioxide. GroundWater Problem In many places, arsenic is causing a serious problem, that is veryhard to control, that is contaminating ground water. Throughout the world,arsenic in ground water often comes from natural sources such as bedrock. Insome areas, levels of arsenic are increasing in ground water because of seepagefrom hazardous waste sites, and arsenic pesticide runoff also produces elevatedarsenic levels in ground water. So, populations relying on ground water orsurface water near geological or man-made sources of arsenic may receive higherthan typical exposure. These areas include industrialized areas and areas wherelarge quantities of arsenic are disposed of in the landfills, areas of highhistorical pesticide use, with soil low in available ferrous and aluminumhydroxides, and areas of high natural levels of arsenic containing mineraldeposits. Population in the area of copper and other types of metal smelters maybe exposed to above-average levels of arsenic both through the air and as aresult of the atmospheric deposition in the soil and water. Individuals withprotein-poor diets or chlorine (of the Vitamin B complex) deficiency may be moresensi tive to arsenic than the general population. Milestones Due to this, and toits being carcinogenic, but also because of the toxicity of arsenic and itscompounds in general, environmental regulation is expected to becomeincreasingly stringent. While this might adversely affect arsenic demand in thelong term, it should only have a minor near-time effect. BibliographyChemistry Today: The World Book Encyclopedia Of Science. Chicago: World BookInc., 1992. Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. New York: Lexicon Publications Inc.,1985. The World Book Encyclopedia

Total Compensation Essay Example For Students

Total Compensation Essay Pull offing Compensation In an effort to pull and retain good employees. companies may offer the benefit of retirement nest eggs options. Employers have the option of patronizing defined benefit programs and defined part programs or both to eligible employees. The purpose of the programs are to supply long term investing options to be used as retirement income. Each investing option has its ain pro’s and con’s to both the employer and employee. The undermentioned information provided will compare and contrast defined benefit programs and defined part programs. It will besides discourse how good the programs may be for participants. Defined Benefits and Defined Contribution Retirement Plans Compared Defined benefit and defined part are two types of retirement programs that companies offer their employees. The two benefits are different based on how employees are able to take part. but both programs serve the same intent. We will write a custom essay on Total Compensation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Defined benefit programs is a fixed sum set up for eligible employees for retirement. This program consists of employer parts either quarterly or yearly. It is an existent finding of what the employee retirement benefits should be and non based on net incomes. A dollars time’s service computation is normally used in big organisation. The defined benefit part program is based on employee parts and employer parts. With these programs the employer agrees to lend a fixed sum to the employee’s pension fund each twelvemonth. The income that the employee receives during retirement depends upon how much money the program accumulated and how much income that sum can bring forth. The 401k and stock programs are offered by many employers. â€Å"When the markets rise. the employer will harvest the benefit of the lifting values. and can cut down its pension parts and increase its net incomes while the retired person continues to have the same promised income† ( 401kpsp. com. 2011 ) . Defined Benefits and Defined Benefit Contribution Plans in Contrast In order to find the contrast or difference between a defined benefits program. and a defined benefit part program we foremost determined how these programs work in the anterior subdivision. Now that we understand what each program is. the difference is clear. If a retired person is having the defined benefits plan so they will bask a program that is funded by the company. The sum is based off of a per centum of the participant’s pre-retirement wage. and the employee’s length of service on the occupation. Many soldiers retire and it is based off their rank and clip in service. They can besides have disablement wage that is figured into their retirement. Whereas. the defined parts program has one-year parts made by both the employer ; and the employee to the retirement fund. Therefore. one benefit is supported 100 % by the employer and the other program is a shared duty between the employee and the employer. such as 401k programs. Although both programs are for retirement. they work in different ways. However the ultimate intent of both programs is to set in topographic point a agency of support to the employee during their retirement old ages. Decision In decision. both defined benefit and defined part retirement programs have some similarities and differences. The similarities in both programs are that it helps employees program for their retirement. Both programs have the purpose to assist salvage money for this particular event. The difference for the retirement program is how it is offered and put together. The defined benefits retirement program uses a fixed rate of part by the employer to the employee’s retirement program. This is normally combined by utilizing the employees clip in service and pre-retirement wage. The defined part program is based on the part of the employee’s wage which is so matched by the employers. .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 , .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .postImageUrl , .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 , .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799:hover , .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799:visited , .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799:active { border:0!important; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799:active , .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799 .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u730620cd796979df5c8b43d392649799:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse and Neglect EssayIn this program. the subscribers to the retirement program are both the employee and the employer and this proves the difference between the defined benefit and defined part retirement programs. Both these programs are used to assist with supplying retirement income for the employees. Together with this the employees are given the determinations on assorted options for retirement. They may take one or both dependent on the employer’s policies. Ultimately these retirements program are really good for the employees when they reach their retirement due to the provided income support. MentionsDefined Benefits Vs Defined Contribution Benefits. ( 2011 ) . Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //401kpsp. com/401kdbdc. php Martocchio. J. J. ( 2009 ) . Strategic compensation: A human resource direction attack ( 5th ed. ) . Upper Saddle River. New jersey: Pearson Education.

Industrial Revolution Process and Challenges

Discover More About Sea Kelp

Discover More About Sea Kelp What is kelp? Is it different than seaweed or algae? Actually, kelp is the general term that refers to  124 species of brown algae that are in the Order Laminariales. While kelp may look like a plant, it is classified in the Kingdom Chromista. Kelp is a type of seaweed, and seaweeds are a form of sea algae. The kelp plant itself is made up of three parts: the blade (the leaf-like structure), the stipe (the stem-like structure) and the holdfast (root-like structure). The holdfast grips a substrate and anchors the kelp to keep it secure despite moving waves and currents. The Value ​of Kelp Forests Kelp grows in forests in cold waters (usually less than 68 F). Several kelp species can make up one forest, the same way that different species of trees are found in a forest on land. A multitude of marine life lives in and depends upon kelp forests such as fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, and birds. Seals and sea lions feed on kelp, while grey whales may use it to hide from hungry killer whales. Seastars, kelp crabs, and isopods also rely on the kelp as a food source.   The most well-known kelp forests are the forests of giant kelp that grow off the coast of California, which are inhabited by sea otters. These creatures eat the red sea urchins that can destroy a kelp forest if their population is not controlled. Sea otters also hide from predatory sharks in the forests, so the forest also provides a safe haven as well as a feeding habitat. Many Common Uses Kelp is not only useful to animals; it is helpful for human beings, too. In fact, you probably even had kelp in your mouth this morning! Kelp contains chemicals called alginates that are used to thicken a number of products (e.g., toothpaste, ice cream). For example,  bongo kelp  ash is loaded with alkali and iodine and is used in soap and glass. Many companies derive vitamin supplements from kelp, as it is rich in many vitamins and minerals. Alginates are also used in pharmaceutical medications. SCUBA divers and water recreationists also enjoy the kelp forests. There Are About 30 Different Species There are about 30 different species of kelp: Giant kelp, southern kelp, sugarwack, and bull kelp are just a few kinds of kelp. Giant kelp is, not surprisingly, the largest kelp species and most popular or well-known. It is capable of growing 2 feet per day in the right conditions, and up to about 200 feet in its lifetime. Threats to Vital Kelp Forests There are several things that threaten kelp production and the health of vital kelp forests. Forests can become degraded due to overfishing. This can release fish into different areas, which can cause overgrazing of the forests. With less kelp or fewer species available in a sea, it can drive out other animals that rely on the kelp forest as their ecosystem or cause other animals to eat the kelp instead of other creatures.   Water pollution and quality, as well as climate changes and introductions of invasive species, also are threats to kelp forests.

Health Care Finance (Module 1-CBT) Research Paper

Health Care Finance (Module 1-CBT) - Research Paper Example The industry average for health care industry is a current ratio of 2:1. Days in accounts receivables show how many days it will take for OHC to collect its outstanding receivables. As shown from above, OHC took 32.91 days (on average) to collect its receivables in 2007; and this situation has worsened in 2008 where the company took 55.22 days to collect the outstanding amounts. These high values show that there may be a problem in revenue collection process and the company needs to address the issue quickly to ensure that receivables are collected in quick time. The analysis of liquidity ratios shows that the company is fairly liquid. It is able to meet its short term obligations. However, the days in accounts receivable has worsened than 2007 and some action may be required to reduce the number of days to collect outstanding funds. The operating margin ratio was 76.5% in 2007 which shows that the cost of services provided by OHC is small as compared to the revenue generated (that is, for every $1 revenue, the company incurs an operating cost of $0.235. This shows healthy performance. The operating margin ratio has improved in 2008 (as it increases to 78.5%). This shows that the operating cost has gone further down as compared to 2007. As shown from above, OHC was fairly profitable in 2007 and the gross profit margin has increased in 2008. Although, it may be argued that healthcare organization should not have very high profit margins as this indicates that they are charging high fee from patients. c. Return on Assets (ROA) The ROA for OHC is calculated as below: Return on Assets for OHC Medical Center Year Net Income / Total Assets = ROA 2007 $37,370,000 / $44,450,000 = 84.07% 2008 $34,177,000 / $49,370,000 = 69.23% Although the company has been profitable during 2007 and 2008; but the above table shows that OHC has not been able to effectively utilize its assets towards generation of profits. The Return on Assets was 84% in 2007 which was satisfactory but it declined sharply in 2008 to 69%. This may not be acceptable to shareholders as this indicate

Critically evaluate the strategic role of global information systems Essay

Critically evaluate the strategic role of global information systems for organisations and discuss the management issues associa - Essay Example Information systems have, therefore, had a profound effect on the performance of global businesses by transforming their ability to deliver value to customers (Czinkota et al., 2005). However, the application of information system has unfortunately stemmed on the basis of companies’ internal operations with little focus of the global paradigm. This means that international requirements, including cross-cultural differences, have yet to be fully materialized into the information systems used by these global businesses. Most often global information systems are evaluated from the same perspective as their local counterparts; however, the former demands attention to some particular aspects. An integrated and holistic information systems approach has enabled organizations conduct business processes online (e-business), co ordinate upstream and downstream supply chain partners (e-commerce) and enable entrepreneurs streamline their innovative ideas and creativity (Pearlson & Saunder s, 2009). The key to competitive advantage in today’s world, therefore, does not lie in traditional cost reduction or differentiation techniques but in rapidly adapting to changing customer tastes and implementing learning and innovation to product offerings in real-time (Phillips & Haag, 2009). As an extension to Porter’s resource based view, researchers explored the direct positive relationship between effective information management and company success by explaining how information used could enhance the organization’s learning, innovation and creative abilities. The virtual value chain is centered on the notion of seamless flow of information across all levels of the organization that enable it to deliver value to its customers. Therefore, information systems have been linked to the dramatic improvement of the value chain, marketing strategies, customer service and internal communications framework. However, â€Å"global† information systems go far b eyond just that. Global businesses face a number of constraints on the number of locations in which they decide to operate internationally. Challenges such as those related to networking and communication, socio-economic and political risks, differences in culture as well as unfamiliarity with the market all limit organizations’ capacity to operate effectively in the global marketplace (Czinkota et al., 2005). It is here that information systems have truly transformed global businesses. Researchers who highlighted the strategic importance of IS demonstrated the relationship between IS and business strategy and went on to state that information systems were necessary in achieving a competitive edge for the firm (Peppard & Ward, 2004) (Pearlson & Saunders, 2009). There have been various studies examining the relationship between successful firms and effective use of information systems. However, it is not clear whether these systems have a direct relation with the firm’s success or whether they are merely a part of a portfolio of resources that enables firms achieve competitive advantage. Furthermore, most companies have now started to outsource IS in their organizations. This handing over of IS to third parties in itself contradicts the view that IS serve a strategic function in organizations. Despite increased popularity of outsourcing of IS in organizations, the slogan of keeping IS intact with the

CRIMINAL LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

CRIMINAL LAW - Essay Example Thus in the current scenario unless a case beyond reasonable doubt is made Susan would be considered as innocent. As far as the burden of proof is concerned, such burden lies on the prosecution who in turn has to prove beyond all reasonable doubt including but not limited to satisfaction of the jury of the guilt of the defendant. (Woolmington v. DPP)1 The main elements that required to be proved in criminal law or be specific a criminal offence are actus reus (the action of the accused), mens rea (the requisite intention for the commission of the offence) and the absence of any defence or if any defence is raised it is negated to the satisfaction of the court. (Lord Diplock in R v Miller)2 Another element that needs to be taken into account is that the actus reus and mens rea of the criminal offence that was committed need to coincide, however it is pertinent to mention that such requirement has been interpreted broadly by the courts. (Fagan v. Commissioner of Police3). The actus reu s of an offence is generally satisfied when a positive act is committed. It has often been required that that has been committed must be voluntary, this can be seen from what Lord Denning said that ‘No act is punishable if it is done involuntarily, and an involuntary act in this context...means an act which is done by the muscles without any control by the mind such as spasm, a reflex action or a convulsion; or an act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing such as an act done whilst suffering from concussion or whilst sleepwalking...’ (Bratty v Attorney General for Northern Ireland)4 . Thus the act of the defendant must therefore be voluntary and a wilful movement of body. The next element is mens rea which is concerned with the state of mind of the defendant. There had been cases which were decided upon by the courts in which the criteria were set up whereby the mens rea for a criminal act would be established. The cases that were decided upon took i nto account intention, subjective recklessness, objective recklessness, lacuna etc. Mens cannot be said to be wickedness by way of any moral or general sense (Dodman)5 . Furthermore even if it is proved to the court that the motive behind the criminal act was good, it cannot be relied upon as a defence (Chiu-Chang v. R)6 . In respect of mens rea the current situation is that of Woollin7 and R v. G. And this has been reached after considerable refining of the original test for intention. Thus the test for direct intent is the that the defendant had intended a result by committing the particular act; and for oblique intent is that the result may have been that the result was a virtually certain consequence of the act. The actus reus of mens rea was provided by Sir Edward Coke in the seventeenth century whereby he stated that the act is committed if the defendant ‘unlawfully killeth any reasonable creature in rerum natura under the Queen’s peace’. The definition of unlawfully does not include the killing of for example the use of reasonable force for self defence (Re a (Children)8. Clearly it can be seen that due to the car of Susan going straight into the pedestrian would be considered to be an act is unlawful. As far as killeth is concerned that refers to the requirement that the acts of the defendant can be attributed to be a legal cause of death. Clearly

Police Corruption Policing

Police Corruption Policing ‘Getting results in policing is more important than how they are achieved. Discuss this statement with reference to the notion of police ethics. Ethics is essential to policing as ethical policing develops and sustains trust between the police and the public it serves. Police corruption, noble cause corruption, Dirty Harry dilemma, Sykes and Matza (1957) Techniques of Neutralization theory, ethical egoism, and ‘Act v Rule utilitarianism are all specific ways of exploring unethical police behaviour being diverted from ethical behaviour, due to ethical laws protecting criminals ‘human rights. Thus begs the question, is gaining results in policing more important than how they are achieved? When the question is posed ‘can we be ethical? for the large majority of us, the answer is perfectly clear. However, with regards to the policing system it is a complicated dilemma that is yet to be properly controlled and prevented. Ethics is vital to policing as this ethical quality not only affects the police officer in question but also the police organisation as a whole. Ethics is not only concerned with the individual police officer but as well as the policies and laws that are enforced to protect everyones basic human rights. Police corruption is one form of unethical behaviour that is due to the authority and power placed and trusted upon the police officer. Power corrupts, and so with this perceptive view, police corruption comes in many stages of development. Kant describes police corruption as actions that â€Å"exploit the powers of law enforcements in return for considerations of private-regarding benefit that violate formal standards governing his or her conduct† (Kleinig, 1996: pg. 38). Police corruption consists of a chain of events that starts from an innocent stage where police officers are sometimes given things for free by the public due to their official status. This process consists of three hypothesis, such as; the society at large explanation, the structural explanation; and finally the ‘rotten-apple explanation (Pollock, 2006). The society-at-large explanation is concerned with the fact that police officers start to expect things to be free, once experiencing small-pay offs and bribes from the public, which leads to more serious crimes known as the structural explanation. This finally leads to the ‘rotten-apple explanation where the officer concerned is purely of dark character morally. One known form o f corruption is ‘noble cause corruption. ‘Noble Cause Corruption (Klockars, 1985), is an act on behalf of the police officer, who is committing a illegal and most certainly unethical crime, on good intentions, to justifiably reach an end result that is noble. For actions that are done for the sake of good are, nevertheless, morally wrong actions. The police officer(s) in question are only acting for the sake of what they ‘believe is morally right, but in fact it is not morally right; their belief is a false belief. For example, suppose a police officer forms a corrupt relationship with a suspected criminal and develops criminal acts to create a portfolio of evidence to convict the criminal. How ethical would this be, despite gaining positive results in policing? Noble cause corruption is strongly related to the ‘Dirty Harry phenomena and so an explanation of this phenomenon is due. The Dirty Harry Problem (Klockars, 1980) is based upon the notion that certain individuals of the police force turn to ‘dirty means of convicting a suspected criminal. Police officers who employ such ‘dirty means think that, by doing this, they achieve three things at the same time. The officer believes that what he/she is doing is morally right; their actions are lawful; and that the wider community will support such heroic behaviour (Thomson, 1999). The movie titled ‘Dirty Harry (Siegel, 1971) involved a fictional character named Inspector Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) who pursued a criminal named ‘Scorpio who kidnapped a 14 year old girl and demanded a $200, 000 ransom to release the girl who was buried with just enough air to last a few hours. Eventually Harry apprehends and tortures Scorpio into telling the location of the girl and gaining a forced confession from the suspect. An unethical procedure, but none the less, gaining ‘results (Siegel, 1971).Dirty harry was purposely given this title to the character, harry Callahan, because of the fact that he employs ‘dirty means of gaining positive results and infringing upon the criminals ‘human rights. ‘Dirty Harry, at the end of the film, took his badge and threw it into the river. This strongly suggested that he has lost faith in the effectiveness of the policing system and thus indicating his resignation (Siegel, 1971). When gaining positive results in policing, it can sometimes be in direct conflict with not following ethical boundaries, thus, being ethical is a rule that appears, according to the ‘Dirty Harry movie plot, to be in the favour of the criminal, technically putting the police officer at a disadvantage due to ‘criminal rights being made available to them. According to Sykes and Matzas ‘Techniques of Neutralization theory, unethical police officers justify their behaviour in one of five methods. Skyes and Matzas (1957) proposed the ‘Techniques of Neutralisation theory which demonstrates five basic methods of justifying deviant behaviour from the delinquent individual. The theory is relevant to police ethics as well as the fact that gaining results within the police service can never exceed the ethics of policing itself due to morality and basic human rights for which the police was based and built upon. ‘Techniques of neutralisation theory explains how lawbreakers are able to protect themselves from feeling of guilt and negative self-image by justifying their conduct. The five methods are: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of condemners, and appealing to higher loyalties. Denial of responsibility is concerned with how, within the context of the police work, violence may be regarded as an appropriate and necessary reaction to defiant citizens. Denial of responsibility is established when the police officer in question believes that, where excessive force is used, he/she was provoked by the citizen and therefore ‘ethically rationalised his/her behaviour. This shifts responsibility for the use of force away from the officer to the citizen (Albanese, 2006). Denial of injury covers such areas as stealing and violating constitutional rights. Stealing from suspects for personal gain with the threat of blackmail if ever the suspect reported the officer to the police notes the power a police officer possess, given the position of the suspects situation. Kant suggests that â€Å"Whoever tells a lie, however well intended he might be, must answer for the consequences, however unforeseeable they were, and pay the penalty for them† (Klockars, 1996: pg. 79). Kant describes a perfect example that no matter what the situation may be, telling a lie is unacceptable. Fabrication of evidence is an excellent example as although it may help seal a conviction of a major known criminal, is none-the-less a false conviction. This brings ‘Kantian ethics into consideration. Kant believed that the term motive is the most important variable when considering what is ethical and what is not. To be more exact, motives can be defined by acting in a sense of duty towards others. For example, helping a person out of pity or to promote ones self in face of others is not a ethical, moral action, but out of remorse and unethical means. When considering a complex situation, such as a police officer protecting a witness from murder, what does one do? Such an example goes against Kants beliefs on moral, ethical values. Denial of victim is concerned with those who run from police, use illegal drugs, or defy authority are ‘threats predetermined as dangerous and are in need of ‘punishment. This perception gives the notion of the police being the ‘saviour of all deviant acts and that they are justifiable in the eyes of the law and that these aforementioned acts must be punished to sustain control and authority through the wider community and the state as a whole. Condemnation of the condemners lies with the notion that the problem lies not with the officers motives or behaviour but with the rules, motives, and perception of those who would control and judge them. The police argue that not only do they fight criminality but also have to do battle with public criticism, judges who are too lenient, citizen lawsuits and citizen complaints against the police system. This gives a ‘loophole for criminals which makes police work more difficult. With such added hurdles, condemnation of the condemners seem rational and logical from the police officers perspective. Appealing to higher loyalties is concerned with the fact that police officers will always protect ‘their own against any case of accusations or complaints against a police officer. However, protecting another officer even when this involves unethical and illegal conduct is expected and regarded as noble as it demonstrates loyalty and solidarity. ‘Power corrupts, and so with this ‘police power, the officer will use this power to appeal to higher loyalties for their own personal gain. Personal gain is a one of many attributes of human qualities to achieve our goals in whatever means necessary. Such natural behaviour is assessed by ‘ethical egoism which critically examines our own hunger for wants and desires. Ethical Egoism (Neyround, 2001) is a theory of human nature that states that we all have a strong desire for furthering our wants and desires. By nature, we are motivated to pursue our own wants and desires and, therefore, should act in accordance with our nature by following them (Neyround, 2001). Despite living in a civilised world, living according to the laws of the ‘system, inevitable human nature, it seems, takes a hold of our behaviour when presented with opportunities to further our desires. We all naturally possess wants and needs, however, the morally relevant question to consider (with regards to unethical policing) is when, where, and to what extents are we justified in pursuing them? The claim being made by ethical egoism is not simply that we have wants and needs; rather, it is that we are ‘morally obligated to pursue them on all occasions. Due to individual egoism, it would appear that furthering ones personal desires seems to be the corruption of human nature; that we are all out for ourselves on a majority. If ethical egoism theory is correct in its perception of humans desire for pursuing our own interests then surely police corruption is on a course of eternal reoccurrences of continuous self-indulgent behaviour, placed in a unrealistic police system to resist the temptation of abusing ones position. A major critique of ethical egoism is that it does not provide a solution for conflicts that arise between competing self-interested individuals. Simply stated, this criticism suggests that our happiness and aspirations often comes into conflict with other individuals (Neyround, 2001). Further-more, this morality should establish rules of conduct that enables the peaceful and harmonious resolution of conflict. However, ethical egoism provides no such rules on principles. Instead, it understands life to consist of a never-ending series of conflicts on which each of us struggle to ‘come out on top. By the nature of police officers everyday work, police officers are routinely placed in situations where personal advantages can easily be furthered through unethical and illegal means. ‘Act versus Rule Utilitarianism (Quinton, 2003) demonstrates an argument of why police officers break the law. Act utilitarianism states and argues that ‘ethical laws are first decide whether public action would be taken if ever they disagreed with the laws were to be enforced upon the public. This is then, in turn, is further decided whether the law generates the most happiness for the public. However, critics of this theory argue that the minority, whether groups or individuals, would then be treated unfairly and biased upon, thus, not an ethical method to follow. This coincides with the notion of corrupt police officers fabricating evidence to convict an innocent civilian. It may please the majority of the population if this civilian was known for criminal acts in the past and present but it doesnt justify the action to wrongly convict an innocent. ‘Rule Utilitarianism (Quinton, 2003), on the other hand, determines whether a rule should be followed. ‘Rule Utilitarianism argues that if a rule (law) pleases the majority of the population, then, it is in the publics interest to follow this ‘rule, despite the objectionable minority. Capital punishment was once a rule followed by UK citizens as it resulted in the happiness of the majority with regards to killing extreme deviant individuals, even if an innocent had their life taken by mistake, as this overall pleased the population despite the ‘odd innocent loss of life. Critics argue that this reduces rule utilitarianism to act utilitarianism and the rules become meaningless (Quinton, 2003). From such examples, and as an ethical based theory overall, utilitarianism is not a perfect system, thus, flawed. Ethics will either make or break an officer and the decision they make will either strengthen or weaken their ethical values. Police corruption, whether for noble or deviant reasons, weakens the officers moral values and only further leads to deviant temptation. However, temptation and desire appears to be of humans natural instinct to come out top and a means of furthering ones edge over another. Ethics can very much go against the officer inclined to solve a case, such as the Dirty Harry dilemma, such as the criminals basic human rights (although non-deserving) benefits only the offender and develops a loop hole for the offender to escape from justice. Police officers can be taught ethics to a certain degree, but it is the officers own personal benefit to resist the urge of infringing upon criminals rights and also taking an advantage of ones position. This loop hole will promote a real dilemma for future policing and, thus, ethics is likely to play a prominent role in policing in the 21st century. (2124 words)

The Sun Also Rises Essay -- essays research papers

"One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever… The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to the place where he arose… The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits…All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again." -Ecclesiastes This passage from Ecclesiastes gives examples of the "Circle of Life." In the book The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway the aforementioned passage encompasses one of the many themes offered. The theme that this quote portrays is shown throughout the book, but goes unrecognized until the end of the book is reached. Upon going back through the book I have found many examples of this theme, that when read the first time make no impression but stand out boldly the next. One example of a missed thematic expression occurs on pg. 39, the last two paragraphs "I…" to "…sorry." This in itself seems insignificant but when compared to an incident that takes place later, on pg. 194 beginning "Well…" and ending with "… right.", it shows how a...

Abuse and Proper Discipline

I have experienced many things in my life. All of my life experiences have affected me in different ways. Some experiences were good and some were not. The physical abuse I experienced by my father was the most impact experience. A parent is supposed to create a safe, stable, and loving home. Instead my father created a home of fear, instability, and inconsistency. This affected my behavior in school, and how I react to things later in life. I was born in Florida.At the age of two my father moved me and my three brothers to New York. At this time my mother was not in the picture for unknown reasons. My father was avid alcoholic, and drank a lot. During his drunken rages he would abuse me and my three brothers. My father moved us around a lot, and we never really stayed In one place for very long. I was never quite sure why this was, but I would guess that maybe someone or somebody became suspicious of what was taking place In our home. This resulted In us taking off before anyone cou ld find out for sure.My father started beating us while he was drunk, but then eventually started abusing us while he was sober. It became a regular thing for us and almost expected. He would start to hit us based on his moods. If he had a bad day at work, or had a fight with one of his girlfriends. He would choke us, punch us, throw us, and has even gone as far as burn my brother's arm on the stove. There were times that we did not eat for days. It was not because we did not have any food, but because he wanted to punish us. He also kicked us out of the house, and made us sleep outside. Even In the winter.I was terrified of my father. Instead of Henning 2 growing up feeling love and trust. I grew up feeling fear and pain. I would often watch sitcoms on TV, and wish that I could just jump into the screen. Daydreaming of a better life was something I did often. I wanted to leave, but this was all I knew. This was my life and nothing was going to change it. My father did not only abus e me when I did wrong, but instead he would abuse me when he was in a foul mood. The abuse was inconsistent, and because of this my behavior was impacted. In school I would lash out at teachers, and was defiant.My father was not concerned with proper discipline or punishment. I was more of a punching bag for his anger. Therefore I did not understand how to act or behave properly. I was uncontrollable in school. I would Jump on desks, and crawl underneath tables In the lunch room. I even threw chairs at the teacher when I did not want to do something she asked. I was violent with my classmates, and disruptive. The bus ride to school was also a problem. I would Jeopardize the safety of the other children by jumping over the seats, and disrupting the bus driver.It got would get letters and phone calls from the school, he did not seem to care. My father was more worried about what was going on in his world to care what was happening at my school. After a while the school decided I neede d to be enrolled in a special school that was more equipped to handle my behavior issues. No one in the school system even thought twice about the discipline at home. If they had investigated our home they would have found out my father never disciplined us, but abused us instead.To this day I feel that proper discipline is needed for a child to grow up and become successful in life. The abuse started to get worse as we got older. He became a lot more aggressive. He even ended up sending me to the hospital for bashing my head on the bathroom floor. The reason for the more intense abuse was because of the increase in size of my older brother. My brother was getting older, and was able to fight back. Unfortunately my dad was still Henning 3 a lot bigger than my brother. My dad would often punch holes in the walls when he was mad.One day I was picking at one of the holes in the wall that my father punched in. He walked by and saw me doing this. Out of nowhere he punched me right in the eye, and I went to school the next day with a black eye. This started causing a scene with my teachers and nurses. I went to school plenty of times with black eyes, and bruises. I could not understand why this one was any different. The ruse must have gotten sick and tired of seeing it, and finally acted. This caused an investigation, and at the age of eight years old I was removed from the hell that I called home.When I was being removed from my home I remember seeing my neighbor with an unsurprised look on her face. This made me wonder if she had suspected the abuse all along. It also made me wonder how many others knew or suspected what was taken place in my home. After being removed from the house I called home. I was placed with a foster family. The first few months were great. I was not scared and looking over my shoulder anymore. I was happy and felt love for the first time. My foster mom made pancakes and sausages for breakfast in the mornings.I have never had anyone make b reakfast for me before, and it was like heaven. I had warm bed to sleep in, and I even had a TV in my room. It might have seemed that my story was over. However the effects of the abuse were still there, and my behaviors still caused many problems. Throughout my life I had to go through therapy to undo the damage my father caused. I had to relearn how to act and behave properly. Today I am a pretty optimistic person, and I do not like to use my past as a crutch. However I will not deny hat there are some lasting effects that the abuse still holds.Therapy was very successful for me. It help me deal with what happened, and encouraged me to move on with my life. However therapy cannot remove the memories and the experience. I will forever remember the abuse I endured. Henning 4 The abuse from my father affected me in many ways. I had to struggle, and was not able to have a normal childhood. I grew up in a home full of fear, and lacked the to relearn how to behave properly. I do not reg ret what happened in the past, for my past is part of who I am. What I have been through and what I endured has only made me stronger.

William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay Essays

William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay Essays William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay Essay William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay Essay Essay Topic: Julius Caesar Julius Caesar shows that people respond to power and glorification in different ways. Discuss. William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar has a strong focal point on the response that assorted characters display to power and glorification. and how and why this response may change between them. Shakspere shows contrast in response to high quality to a great extent throughout the text. and explains that people’s revenge to it will ever differ. Where focal point for some. prevarications in the attainment and retention of power. others prefer a position of conserving Rome’s traditional authorities system. Contrast is seen strongly in character’s positions of Caesar’s decease. and besides in their sentiments of the predating events and Caesar’s addition of power. Despite these differing factors. all characters are portrayed to hold some sort of lecherousness for power. and purpose to derive authorization over citizens. These qualities are seen most stron gly across the supporters of the narrative: Caesar. Brutus. Cassius and Antony. Throughout the text. characters claim to oppose Caesar’s regulation for the pure ground of conserving the traditions of Rome’s authorities and heritage. but some developments strongly suggest the subterranean motivation of desire for power. The thought of â€Å" [ Rome’s ] broad walk [ embracing ] but merely one man† is dashing to Cassius. and he peculiarly portrays this throughout the drama. joined by Brutus. claiming that the blackwash of Caesar brings them â€Å"peace. freedom and liberty† . However. opposing this. Cassius provinces that he â€Å"was born every bit free as Caesar† and therefore is every bit meriting of power. connoting enviousness or resent toward the omnipotence Caesar achieves. Brutus stands by his purpose. decidedly meaning his portion with the plotters was â€Å"not that [ he ] loved Caesar less. but that [ he ] loved Rome more† . Brutus feels as though Caesar’s leading would negatively impact Rome and the good that Roman citizens have achieved. In contrast. Caesar and Antony both claim that Caesar’s regulation would be positive for Rome. Antony. as a strong protagonist. bases by Caesar and claims that Caesar does hold love for Rome. and would neer hold put the destiny of Rome in danger. Although he states this verbally much later in the drama. this is seen through Antony showing the Crown to Caesar upon his return to Rome from get the better ofing Pompey. Caesar himself believes that he is worthy to govern Rome. and wants to derive the trust and support of the Roman citizens. He begins to make this by rejecting the Crown when offered it. cognizing that many people would be unhappy with the credence of the Crown. and the subsequent stoping of the Republic. nevertheless it is apparent that his purposes may alter. When told to go to the Senate as the Crown is traveling to be offered to him once more. Caesar thirstily takes this chance. connoting his desire. Although he is â€Å"for the good of Rome† . he still has purpose to travel against the system of authorities in topographic point for omnipotence. Upon Caesar’s blackwash. the sentiments of many characters is shown to vary strongly. and this becomes progressively apparent as the text continues. Antony immediately ridicules the logical thinking of the blackwash. stating that he was non â€Å"ambitious† in the sense of deriving domination. as he was â€Å"thrice presented†¦a kingly crown† and â€Å"he did thrice refuse† . presenting his said â€Å"ambition† to be questionable. This is a mark of his repose toward power and those who have acquired it. contrasting with Cassius. who feels it is boisterous for Caesar to â€Å"bestride the narrow world† as the exclusive leader of Rome. and sees that this is just ground for Caesar’s blackwash. Cassius here appears to hold desire for power. and to utilize Toward the decision of the text. upon taking their ain lives. both Cassius and Brutus officially verbalise their positions of their purposes in Caesar’s blackwash. but they be sides have differing responses to what they have done. While Brutus seems to demo sorrow over killing Caesar. Cassius seems acrimonious about Caesar’s decease. with the claim that Caesar was â€Å"revenged† by Cassius’ self-destruction. as if to entitle him with the incrimination for his decease. Brutus seems sorry. as he states that Caesar was killed â€Å"with half so good a will† than himself. stating that he is more deserving of decease. and offering Caesar to â€Å"be still† in his decease. The protagonists’ positions on the blackwash thrust frontward the strong aspiration they show to achieve power themselves. and their feelings toward those who are in power. Opinions of Caesar’s success are to a great extent contrasted between the story’s protagonists to underscore how they see glory and fame. peculiarly comparing Antony and Cassius. Their positions oppose each other. with Antony strongly back uping the success and rise of Caesar. where Brutus claims that Romans â€Å"as underlings† should be endeavoring to travel against Caesar’s reign. and alter the manner Caesar is taking. Antony focuses strongly on Caesar’s leading as a positive portion of Rome’s society. and the love Caesar displays to the people. He signifies this by â€Å"thrice [ showing Caesar ] a kingly crown† . and stating the people of Rome of Caesar’s great efforts. Although the chief contrast lies here. both Brutus and Caesar himself have their ain sentiments. both of which slightly contrast with the positions of Antony and Cassius. Brutus responds to Caesar’s reign by oppugning Caesar’s character. and chew overing the thought that Caesar’s coronating â€Å"might alteration his nature† . implying that he may go a worse individual because of it. Caesar himself has a positive response to his addition of power. but shortly it seems as though power shortly goes to his caput. and he begins to do roseola determinations that regard the people of Rome more harshly. Each supporter has a different attack to Caesar’s reign. and each character responds to his rise in their ain single mode. The segregation of sentiments in respects to power and glorification is contrasted in itself by each character’s shared desire for power. This component of the text is seen at some times more strongly than others. as characters portray their emotions through private and public ideas otherwise. and express more in what they think in private. Cassius. although apparently â€Å"for the good of Rome† is described by Caesar to â€Å" [ have ] a mean and hungry look† . implying that he has desire for power. which is besides seen through the deduction of his resentment and enviousness of Caesar when he claims that he was â€Å"born every bit free as [ him ] † . Brutus is likely the least power hungry of characters. although he still does want power and luck. as he claims he â€Å"would non hold it so† with Caesar a swayer. yet he still â€Å" [ loves ] him well† . Antony seems to desire the attending and regard of people in the assembly of Roman citizens more than legitimate power over them. and uses his public speech production and persuasive accomplishments to accomplish this. with his repeat of the phrase: â€Å"Brutus is an honorable man† to condescend and degrade him. Caesar is the most power hungry of them all. although does non look it in his rejection of the Crown. He wants â€Å"men about [ him ] who are fat† in the sense of cognition. and content with the power they have. as he does non desire anyone stealing his power from him. Each supporter portions this lecherousness for glorification and prestigiousness. and each in a sense additions some victory throughout the text. Although there is a shared desire to obtain and keep power. the characters Shakespeare portrays in Julius Caesar depict the differing responses that many characters can hold to the power they have. or the power those around them have decidedly. They may portion some facets of their reactions. or portray it in a similar sense. but overall. the characters positions and sentiments vary to a great extent throughout the text. Each facet of the response characters have is seen in all four. but in each it opposes. as seen through the picks and contemplations that characters portray.

Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Example

Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Example Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Introduction Conservation and environmental protection are really of import in Malaysia. Environment stabilisation and keeping to guarantee that Malaysia create protection country for zoology and vegetations such as constitution of national Parkss. It is because input from natures resources are of import to economic. While environmental quality on the other manus is productive plus for society. Tropical natures are one of the of import assets to tourism sector of a state. As a state with equator clime, Malaysia has alone natures and island row. Recently, Malaysia started move frontward to go a developed state. Assorted sectors which become function theoretical account in order in development schemes for illustration industrial sector, agribusiness and touristry. Through touristry sector, Malaysia have introduced some natural topographic point which become focal point point for tourer as their diversion topographic point for the intent to kill their clip and for gratifying activities for illustration at national park, forest modesty and islands. Therefore, Malaysia afford make touristry sector as a major beginning of returns if the natures beauty can be ever maintained. At the same clip, touristry industry has betterment and turning clearly show that Malaysia has alone attraction. Besides that, multi racial people with different cultural stay peace in one state do Malaysia g o more alone and more attract outside tourer reaching and this is a beginning of net income for the state. Therefore cultural diverseness and humanistic disciplines is cardinal determiner in attract tourers. Table 1.1: Number of arrival harmonizing to nationality Sarawak Year Nationality 2004 2005 Malaya 2,092,704 2,248,829 Singapore 40,329 42,912 Australia and New Zealand 30,403 28,066 Canada 11,310 9.062 Hong Kong 1,100 593 India 12,924 12,426 United Kingdom and Ireland 44,267 42,136 Brunei 1,280,135 1,354,148 America 10,973 11,207 China 11,768 11,207 West Europe 19,268 18,729 East Europe 992 1,355 Filipina 104,341 101,521 Dutch east indies 379,477 449,327 Japan 10,245 9,142 Taiwan 8,283 7,472 Siam 17,189 17,994 Others 258,183 198,704 Entire 4,333,891 4,577,489 ( Beginning: Immigration Department, Sarawak ) Table 1.2: Number of arrival harmonizing to province Sarawak Tahun State 2004 2005 Kuching 779,135 859,320 Sibu 127,454 166,018 Abor 311,445 332,669 Bintulu 41,032 73,167 Limbang 243,762 238,465 Entire 4,333,891 1,669,639 ( Beginning: Immigration Department, Sarawak ) Apart from that, substructure installations is one of the factor of tourer reaching. It is because tourers will necessitate comfort and seek consolation when visit to a state. For illustration, many tourers who come to the Malaysia is to bask scenic beauty of the natures and the unique of cultural diverseness. So the comfortable of adjustment such as hotel, chalet and so on as a factor to pull tourist reaching. Accommodation installation drama of import function cause this will be a factor to find whether tourer will remain long or otherwise. Sarawak is the biggest province in Malaysia which celebrated with rich of assorted cultural groups of civilization and rich in history and heritage and besides known as Land of Hornbills. Sarawak non merely the largest province in Malaysia, it besides was the province that divide to a batch country and contain longest river in Malaysia, largest flower in the universe, largest moth in the universe, widen cave in the universe, oldest tropical rain forest and the first individual emerge in Southeast Asian available in Sarawak. This had show that Sarawak is alone and typical. Diversion topographic point in Sarawak consist of natural position country and cultural centres such as Sarawak Cultural Village. Sarawak Cultural Village popular with natural beauty among local and oversea tourers. The rich of ecology, biological and tradition in Sarawak Cultural Village truly astonishing. Therefore, attempts was being improved towards preserve ecology diverseness, biological and tradition in Cultural Village. It is because cultural diverseness and tradition of the local people able to pull a batch of tourers visit to this land of hornbills. Sarawak province so rich with assorted type of civilization and cultural such as Malay dance, Chinese and others ethnic in Sarawak which able to entertain tourer particularly those tourer that like to see community life in Sarawak. Since cultural small town started unfastened to see, so indirectly exist harm and pollution hazard to the natures and beauty scene. Therefore, cultural small town have to be preserve scenic beauty and traditional abode from threatened by homo. Sarawak Cultural Village Background Sarawak Cultural Village located at Damai Beach Santubong and about 35km from the province capital Kuching town and dubbed as life museum in Sarawak. Sarawak Cultural Village besides become a finish must be visited for those who first measure to Land of Hornbills. This life museum officially opened since February 1990. This life museum consists seven hectares broad and about 150 people populating in the small town which include seven cultural group viz. Bidayuh, Iban, Orang Ulu, Penan, Melanau, Malay and Chinese. And each ethnic have their ain life style and traditional civilizations for illustration the edifice of each cultural is different, longhouse of the Iban, Bidayuh and Orang Ulu, Melanau live at tall house while Chinese is farm house. Apart from that, the entryway fees to Sarawak Cultural Village show as Table 1.3. Table 1.3: Entrance Fees Entrance fees Class Sarawak citizen Not Sarawak Citizen Adult RM25 RM60 Children ( between 6-12 of age ) RM18 RM30 Student RM15 RM15 ( Beginning: Sarawak Cultural Village ) Figure1.1: Sarawak Cultural Village Location ( Sumber: Malaxi Damai Beach ) Cultural Bidayuh known as Dayak Darat achieve 8.4 per centums out of entire population in Sarawak. Majority cultural Bidayug stay in long house that located nearby incline of mountain and besides nearby river. Their house are made from board and bamboo with sago thenar roof. Tourists can bask long house life style when visit to this topographic point. Iban tribesman known as Laut Dayak which their long house construct built up with big life room and several bed room. This cultural most of import hoarded wealth courage. Every soldier able to kill enemy, will acquire grasp as warrior and greeted with usage dances. Hence, Penan life style is nomad manner means that disfavor stay in a topographic point with long clip. Therefore, their abode size besides rather little size. Apart from that, Orang Ulu like to construct house scattered in upland and river bank. While Melanau house is the most alone among other Sarawak ethnic, it is because their house is build up 40 pess tall from land, chief intent is to forestall onslaught by enemy and inundation. At the same clip, local cultural dance public presentation including Ngajat Lesong and Ngajat Pahlawan, cultural musical public presentation show in Theater Sarawak Cultural Village start from 11.30 oclock in the forenoon to 4.00 oclock in the afternoon, and every public presentation take 45 proceedingss long. Figure 1.2: Entire population with cultural Sarawak 2005 ( Beginning: Jabatan Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia ) 1.3 The Important of Conservation and Preservation natural resource and cultural in Malaya Tourist industry depends extremely on natural resources and cultural diverseness which has potency to advance and pull tourer reaching. Natures is one plus that used to pull tourers arrival to see beauty and feel new experience. Awareness on the of import of preserve natures in assorted degree ( authorities sector, private sector and society ) for constitution of several protected country. Establish Sarawak Cultural Village is one of the attack that used to do certain the topographic point that rich of ecology diverseness, biological and cultural heritage preserved and preserve for future coevals cause by clip base on balls. Since Sarawak Cultural Village unfastened visit to tourist in twelvemonth 1990, cultural small town record around 70,000 people visit per twelvemonth. Tourists get benefit while visit to cultural small town including position natures scenic, cultural heritage and handcraft and do assorted diversion activities and every bit good as research and acquisition besides. So their entry capable addition economic growing and besides Kuching capital development from the return of the cultural small town. Indirectly, cultural small town set up economic chances to society such as occupation chance, income degree and others Fieldss. At the same clip, touristry growing in Sarawak due to act upon development at that country. Therefore society nearby can bask high quality of substructure and installations. 1.4 Problem Statement General know that the beauty of natural scenic and rich of assorted tradition cultural drama different of import function and map. Conservation and keeping cultural small town concept need betterment but it involves high cost. Therefore, entrepreneur cultural small town enforce a entrance payment rate around RM60 for grownup non Sarawak citizen for the preservation and keeping intent. Harmonizing to policy shapers particularly authorities, whatever determination on resource use require information related cost and benefit. For illustration, preservation and keeping attempt, authorities require information about cost and benefit to do a determination whether executable or non. So, the issue is the benefit value from preservation and keeping could non be valued in finance signifier. That is, benefit value from the preservation and keeping merely can gauge in quantitative with utilizing construct Willingness To Pay ( WTP ) . The value of WTP on entryway fees to cultural small town typified their willingness pay apart from purpose enjoy recreational installation but besides preservation and keeping plan. Evaluation preservation and keeping plan divide to two facet viz. direct usage value and indirect usage value. Direct use value consists goods and services such as natural scenery and traditional dances of assorted tribesman. Indirect use value could non be valued in market in fact it more focus on ecology and biological science, tribesman abode and diversion protection. Therefore, preservation and keeping create indirect usage value to human and besides natures every bit good. Aim To analyze and gauge WTP value for the intent of preservation and saving Sarawak Cultural Village. To place those factor influence WTP for the cost of saving for air quality, scenic position. Tradition edifice in Sarawak Cultural Village. To analysis the of import of Sarawak Cultural Village to society s tradition Sarawak. To develop scheme to guarantee that keeping convey optimal benefit to society Sarawak. 1.6 Research Scope Data aggregation in this survey is refer to research design which primary informations collected through questionnaire method. Sampling point focal point at country Damai Beach, Santubong, country Sarawak Cultural Village. Entire respondent in this survey around one hundred and will utilize interview method based on nonsubjective survey. Respondent class chosen is single that has worked. Statistical Package for the School Science ( SPSS ) package will be used to reinforced consequence of the survey by looking relationship among each variables. 1.7 The Important of Research Since 1984, touristry industry show possible returns to economic growing. Hence, authorities had develop several program to better and enlargement touristry industry by set up a ministry particularly for cultural touristry able addition this industry by Tourism Development Company to advance and enlarge touristry market, installation betterment has been given for investing in this touristry industry. Investing for adjustment undertakings such as hotel and motel and substructure such as diversion centre and other installations were given innovator position or revenue enhancement inducement to authorities. Indirectly those inducements give growing to the state. Government recommend small town touristry was one of the new effectual option which this development merchandise is based on the natural resources and usage of different cultural. Nowadays, assorted schemes generated by authorities to advance natural touristry and the unique of usage as a new attractive force tourers. Therefore, tourers today more involvement with nature touristry, so authorities drama of import function in preserve and keep the quality of the diversion centre and nature in Malaysia can convey positive growing and give benefit to society every bit good. Besides can advance cultural small town which rich of natural environment, society indirectly besides can acquire the benefit and impact from this touristry scheme. From this surveies, preservation and keeping plan were of import to environment in Malaysia. Environment stabilisation or known as environmental sustainability encourage Malaysia develop more protection country to continue vegetations and zoologies in a certain park or forest. It is because input from natures is of import beginning to economic. While environmental quality on the other manus is productive plus to society. 1.8 Research Organization This undertaking paper will split to five chapters: Chapter 1 discuss about the of import of preservation and saving of the cultural country in Malaysia. Therefore, this survey will publish nonsubjective to accomplish the preservation survey. Apart from that, research range and methodological analysis besides be explained clearly in this chapter. Chapter 2 is portion to increase cognition in the capable country. Besides that, aggregation old surveies from others economic expert research worker as a mentions to place information and thoughts that relevant to this research. Chapter 3 focal points on depicting the associated methodological analysis in the analysis of the contingent rating for preservation and keeping of the Sarawak Cultural Village. Method that will be used is Contingent Valuation Method ( CVM ) . Furthermore, Statistical Package for the School Science ( SPSS ) package will be used to reinforced consequence of the survey by looking relationship among each variables. Besides, assorted trial will be run for the independent and dependent variables. Model will be use in this survey will be explained clearly in this chapter. Type of informations aggregation in this survey is primary informations through questionnaire method. Therefore, trying point focal point at country Damai Beach, Santubong, country Sarawak Cultural Village. Entire respondent in this survey around one hundred and will utilize interview method based on nonsubjective survey. Chapter 4 presents the information analysis consequence of the survey with different trial. Every determination will be elaborated clearly and executing in graph signifier and agenda. Interpretation of consequence will be stated in this subdivision. Chapter 5 is the last chapter in this survey. This chapter would be sum up the survey been discussed and provides information to develop policies and schemes to guarantee preservation and keeping plan on cultural small town continuously so that future coevals have opportunity to bask the benefit and economic value from this preservation.

Personal Investment in the UK Is It Science or Matter of Good Fortune Essay

Personal Investment in the UK Is It Science or Matter of Good Fortune - Essay Example In United Kingdom people tend to invest or conduct their personal savings through the use of different tools like investing in mortgage funds, investing on pension or other insurance related funds, depositing money in banks or in securities issued by different financial institutions. Further people also tend to invest their money in many asset related or commercial funds apart from investing in agricultural and national savings deposits. The major part of the personal savings owes to funds related to pension and insurance other than mortgage or housing properties (Banks and Blundell, 1994, p.67). Types of Personal Investment in United Kingdom and Popularity of UseIn United Kingdom the aspect of personal savings and investment gains attention in regards to categories like pension funds and other insurance related sectors. However other than the pension and insurance related funds the personal investment activities of the people also centre on deposits made in banks. Investment is agai n made by the people in funds created for the housing societies. Moreover other than the listed areas the people also tend to invest largely in sectors such as shares and dividend mainly equity based issued by registered companies operating in United Kingdom. In other types of personal investment practices the people also tend to invest largely in different types of asset funds bearing interest gains and in other savings fund issued by the national government.

The business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The business law - Essay Example However, there are certain norms and formalities to be followed with respect to the grant of loan to CPI since as per law, the company and its principle shareholder are distinct entitites. Hence, in the eyes of law, the shareholder Luigi Gelata and the loaner Company, ICCI are two distinct entities. If the event of LG acting on a personal capacity with regard to matters that effect the company, it is necessary that he seek the permission of the Board of Directors and seek their consent in such matters, especially in the case of granting, or receiving loans, or other matters which affect the company as a whole. ICCI should authorize the grant of Shareholder Loan to CPI. Next, the Shareholder Loan Document has to be duly authenticated in a Board Meeting duly convened, minuted and signed by the Board of Directors of the lending Company, ICCI. Further, the Board of Directors should ratify Luigi Gelati's authority to disburse the loan. The terms governing the granting of loan should be clearly specified in the document, including the interest rates (if any), mode, term and value of repayment or amortization scheduling and whether the loan is repayable on demand or is for a specified period. The conditionalities to be imposed in the event of default of the loanee, that is, in the event of inability on the part of CPI to service the interest or principal amount should be clearly specified in the Shareholder Loan Document. It is advisable... judicious to have the loan document witnessed and notarized since this is an accepted practice used by Banks and Registry, should such a need arise for the loaner Company, ICCI, to utilize their services in future. (Shareholder Loan Agreements. 2008). In the second part the main facts that need to be considered are as follows: Issue 1: Whether ICCI could lay priority to claim goods over bank and employees Law: The unpaid seller has the highest priority to lay claim over the goods over other creditors in the event of goods being sold and delivered to the bankrupt debtor. However, the following conditions apply: Debtors must have be unable to pay for the full price of the goods bought. Next, the seller has claimed return of the goods within 30 days of delivery to the buyer, but this has not been done by the buyer. The debtor has been rendered bankrupt or a receiver has been appointed, as is evident in this case. Further, the goods are still in the same state, condition and possession of the buyer and finally, the goods are identifiable as belonging to the debtor. Application: It is seen that in this case the following aspects are applicable, except whether the claim for return had been served to MMRI (unclear) Issue 2: Could the Bank claim a security interest in the goods: Law: Order of priorities on bankruptcy: unpaid seller, PMSI secured creditor, other secured creditor, preferred creditors (including employees for up to 6 months wages (max. $2,000), other unsecured creditors. In this case bank could lay claim of being a secured creditor after the claim of ICCI, and to the extent of balance unpaid amounts, the bank would be treated as an unsecured creditor. Application: Since ICCI are 1st preferential creditors, it ranks over the secured and unsecured

Response to Intercultural Outgroup Members Essay

Response to Intercultural Outgroup Members - Essay Example What makes these black guys scary is only in her eyes, but because these guys were aggrieved, they made her fear come true, they pulls out a gun, points on theirs face and carjacked them. This results biased judgment for blacks. Jean holds prejudice against people on the basis of skin color and cultural race. She discriminates the Mexican-American locksmith because he looks like a "gang member," with a shaved head and tattoos, when actually he is a devoted family man. She thinks that the locksmith would sell their keys with his allegedly gang banger friends. But the offended locksmith proved her dilemma to be wrong. Another racist, Officer Ryan (Matt Dillon) is a white police officer who molests Christine, a black woman, during a traffic stop. Meanwhile, Ryan is trying to get help from Shaniqua Johnson, a black woman, for his father, who may possibly have prostate cancer but seems to have been misdiagnosed with a bladder infection, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). Ryan's racist remarks to a black insurance representative (Miss Johnson) prevent him from getting his father the treatment he needs. His racial prejudices seem to stem in part from the negative impact that local affirmative action-style policies that favored minority businesses had on his father's business, family, and life. Ryan later relieves the viewers of his racist tendencies when he saves Christine from certain death in a fiery car wreck and is seen working with a Mexican-American Patrolman whom he seems to show no signs of prejudice towards. Where Do I Fit In Why and when individuals felt like outgroup members within their own group Chung (1998) explained that it has to do with the context and status of the individual with whom one interacts. So here enters Officer Hanson who is having an embarrassing problem, for personal nature. He is Officer Ryan's partner, who is disgusted by Ryan's racism and the city's inaction. After trying to get another partner after seeing Ryan molest Christine, Hanson accepts a solo patrol vehicle. Hanson saves Cameron during his confrontation with the police, yet shoots Peter when Peter reaches for what he suspected was a weapon, but was actually a statuette of Saint Christopher in his car after picking him up and giving him a ride. He dumps the body and burns his car in an attempt to hide evidence. Another issue raised in this chapter is - if the ingroup does not approve of an individual's behavior, it can reject the ingroup member. This was manifested when a black guy (Anthony) tries to carjack his black fellow, Cameron. Thus Cameron felt embarrassed because of Anthony's wrong doing. Prejudiced Remarksor Innocent Jokes Our question is, Do "innocent" remarks or biased jokes directed at an individual or ethnic group make them tolerable or acceptable In a certain scenario, a Persian store owner is afraid for his safety. He is depicted as a man frustrated by the racial harassment he experiences in the United States as well as deterred with difficulties with speaking English. To protect his store, the only thing his family has, he goes to a gun shop and attempts to buy a gun but his hotheaded attitude causes racist remarks from the owner who refuses to sell him a gun. One thing that the owner says is - "Yo! Osama plan a jiharan your own time. What do you want"

Verbal and nonverbal communication Essay Example for Free

Verbal and nonverbal communication Essay The whole process of communication is imperative in the lives of human being because it entails enclosing information in a package imparted by the sender to a receiver through a channel (Ritchie, 2001). Normally; the receiver decodes the meaning which enables them to respond with the feedback to the sender. Communication requires that the involved parties (the sender and the receiver) have some common communication characteristics that would overall facilitate the underlying primary purpose of communication (Argyle, 2005). The process of communication comes in different types: written, verbal and non verbal communication. Whichever way, the fundamental characteristics that prevail underscore the purpose of conveying the message(Gahagan, 2004). Verbal and nonverbal communication form the basis of this paper and include speaking by word of mouth and using paralinguistic cues like body language and eye contact to achieve the reasons of communication (Esposito, 2007). This paper attempts to explore non verbal communication and examine types of non verbal communication and the possible differences that are found in non verbal communication all over the world. Introduction Verbal and non verbal communications are two faces of communication that abound our daily lives. They both aim at conveying a message(s), a significant element of our every day lives. Essentially, it lies at the heart of transferring information from one person to another. Like any form of communication, verbal and nonverbal communications use the components of the sender, receiver, message, channel and feedback for the complete cycle of the communication process. Information transferred from one person to another or to a group of people, often involves the interchange of opinions and thoughts over various issues in spoken words or just signs (Julia, 2009). Our focus on this paper is to understand the differences that underlie verbal and nonverbal communication, exploring the types of non verbal communication and the difference s that may be found world over concerning non verbal communication. Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal communication Verbal communication is a form of reciprocal conversation that involves two people or a group of people (Hinde, 2000). It is a dialogue form of communication derived from the Greek word dia and logos which means through and speech respectively. Therefore, dialogue means a form of conversation between two or more entities (Poyatos, 2000). Its medium is language expressed through voice tonality and according to research; verbal communication forms the overall method of communication used world wide. 38 % of verbal communication impacts the general communication needs in the lives of human being, although it is the widely and consciously used form of communication (Keller, et al 2007). In most cases there is little misunderstanding between the parties involved. The only caution to be taken is that the language used must be known to both parties and the feedback is realized instantly without waiting for another date. Non verbal communication on the other hand is the process of sending or receiving information packaged in wordless messages(Rudolph et al, 2001). This type of communication relies on gestures, facial expression, body language, posture and maintaining of eye contact. It also borders object communication such as architectural and cultural artifacts, clothing, graphics and hairstyles just to mention a few (Ritchie, 2001). Non verbal communication plays a fundamental role in the every day lives of people, from romantic engagements to employment ventures. Ideally, this type of communication is used unconsciously since the behavioral patterns used while communicating is in most cases predetermined and goes on to reinforce verbal communication which at times is used together(Rudolph, 2000). Accordingly verbal communication contains elements of nonverbal communication such as paralinguistic cues like tonal variation, voice quality, speaking styles, emotions and several prosodic features of stress, rhythm and intonation (Esposito, 2007). Other graphics are part of nonverbal communication because, graphics like billboard projection, or objects are in themselves a representation of words , message and meaning (Argyle, 2005). A lot of caution needs to be taken when using non verbal communication because; misunderstanding is bound to occur if the involved parties do not really understand the intended meaning of body language. Types of Non verbal Communication According to experts, a significant portion of communication in our every day lives is overly nonverbal. Many of our life situations necessitate the use of paralinguistic cues and other forms of behavioral patterns including eye contact, facial expression, posture, tonal variation and gestures (Hinde, 2000). From our handshakes to the way we dress, we use nonverbal communication . Many research have been done to underscore the whole types that are found in non verbal communication . Facial expression: It covers the entire proportion of nonverbal communication and involves incorporating smiles, frowns and winks to convey our emotions (Gahagan, 2004). Facial expression is dependent on the different cultures but emotions to express sadness, fear, happiness and anger are universal throughout the world. Research shows that sometimes, facial expressions are included in the verbal communication and the message conveyed altogether is somehow trusted over the contrasting message that may have been conveyed verbally (Keller et al, 2007). For example, if you have a son and you walk up to him one Sunday afternoon, only to find that he has broken a set of glasses in the kitchen. Upon asking him who broke the glasses he tells you that he does not have any idea, because he got it that way. However, the message on his face shows all sorts of guilt, it is evidently possible to tell that he is the one who broke the glasses. As such, you will disregard all the verbal comments that your son will give. There are various types of facial expressions found in different cultures across the world. When people are happy, they tend to raise their cheeks as they smile and round their eyes. Seemingly, feelings of disgust are expressed in our faces through wrinkling our noses, raising our upper lips or lowering our eyebrows and eyelid while those of fear are shown through open mouths and around eyes (Julia, 2009). Body movement: This type includes all sorts of kinetic body movement that have the interpretation of meaning. They include a number of categories namely; illustrators, emblems, adaptors, regulators and affects of display. Emblems include gestures that have clearly shared meaning and are done with awareness as well as with intentions to communicate (Ritchie, 2001). Illustrators on the other hand is body movements and gestures that accompany verbal stream communication like stress, accent and emphasis. Adaptors are movements that originate from the manipulation of the person, those around him and the various objects at the heart of communication such as tapping a pen on the table or twisting ones hair. Regulators are concerned with the movements that transmit the messages of relationships such as hugs and kisses. It essentially controls the flow of speaking and listening. Finally, affect of display are movements that display inner emotions such as need to mate, anger, surprise or fear (Rudolph, 2000). Appearances and Artifact: In many cultural setup, nonverbal communication take place through artifact and appearance . They include clothing, shelter, and other tools that can communicate status, role or taste of a given culture or persons (Rudolph et al, 2001). This form of nonverbal communication is often used to project a person’s world view and the world around them. For example, women who dress attractively are bound to have more men dating them because their appearance speaks much about them and they may as well use this type of nonverbal communication to persuade men with a lot of ease (Poyatos, 2002). Similarly our clothing communicate our world views and many people use this to determine their relationships with us. The ongoing research on color psychology suggests that different colors embedded in appearances influence a variety of emotions and moods and the general appearance which in the long run, affects several psychological reactions, interpretations and judgment (Argyle, 2005). Body Language and Posture: These are used to convey a lot of information in the communication life of an individual. There is overwhelming number of research on the role of body language in communication but the overemphasized concept focuses on the interpretation of what is generally known as defensive postures (Esposito, 2007). Examples of body language are crossing ones legs or arms during communication, which has been interpreted as the disinterested participation in communication between involved parties (Hinde, 2000). Much of what we verbally utter is confirmed by our body language and it has been widely accepted as the true reflection or indicator of the meaning pegged on any communication. The whole scenario of body movements can be explained in the distance adopted by people and it varies depending on the person you are talking to. For example, women tend to move closer to someone they are talking to that men which spells out their level of trust to the subject of communication and the source of the communication process. Particularly, the distance adopted by anybody is expressed through body language and it ranges from personal distance, intimate distance social distance and somehow public distance (Poyatos, 2002). The distance you take is relative to the person you are talking to and it communicates a host of feeling such as trust. Paralinguistic: It refers to the voice communication that is distinct from the actual language and includes all aspects of voice such as pitch, voice inflection, loudness and all that is part of tone variation (Keller et al, 2001). The effects of paralinguistic is very powerful to the meaning of the conversation. Take a case where a boss addresses his juniors with a harsh loud voice. Definitely, the interpretation that would be reached will be that the boss was angry and somehow reprimanding his junior staff from re-doing whatever caused the shouting. Again, those in love adopt a soothing and cajoling tone that is low, to emphasis their feelings of love and intimacy (Julia, 2009). Other than the spoken words in communication, paralinguistic cues add meaning to them for coherent interpretation, hence taking the form of a non verbal communication. Adaptation of strong tonal voice enables the listener to interpret either enthusiasm, emphasis or approval while if the same words can be said in somewhat a different hesitant tone, the interpretation reached may be of lack of interest or disapproval (Gahagan, 2004). Touch: It involves communicating through touch and other non verbal behavior. According to (Keller et al, 2007), touch has a significant role in therapy where it facilitates the harmonization of internal communication in an individual involving the succinct coordination of emotions to achieve a given biological function. It is therefore regarded as non verbal communication because it primarily takes into account the processes of communication that engages the sender, the receiver, channel and message. In this case the sender is the therapist, while the receiver is the person receiving therapy. The underlying message becomes the therapeutic effects that are gotten after therapy (Rudolph, 2000). In the study done by Harry hallow on the classic monkey, it is evident that if touch and other bodily contacts are deprived from a child especially at infancy its overall development is impeded. Touch is an important form of nonverbal communication that promotes intimacy and fosters several other feeling like trust and sense of belonging (Julia, 2009). Proxemics: A host number of people in the ever advancing world of communication have expressed the need for space during and or in communication. As another type of non verbal communication, Proxemics is the level of space we need and perceive as comfortable to avoid misinterpretation of our intentions. A recent survey showed that several factors aligned to our social norms, personality traits, situational factors and familiarity levels determine the social space we use to communicate our personal feeling (Gahagan, 2004). For example, the level of space we need when having a mutual casual talk usually varies according to the specifity of the situation and the relationship between you and the person you are talking to. The distance varies between 18 inches to a few feet. Similarly, the distance required when addressing a crowd is between 10 to 12 feet. Taking such personal distance tells much about how you relate with whoever you are addressing (Keller et al, 2007). Differences of Non Verbal Communication All over the World Broadly speaking, non verbal communication falls into two categories . The non verbal message may either be produced by the body or spartio temporal setting of time and space (Poyatos, 2002). Although they look different, they still serve an important aspect of communication in the high context culture. There exists a number of differences in non verbal communication, all spelt under the milieu of culture. These differences however, do not undermine their functions as non verbal communication . Differences are seen in the interpretation of the host of non verbal communication (Ritchie, 2001). The first difference that occurs is in general dress code, artifacts and appearance. It is a concern of all cultures across the world about how they look and a myriad of judgments about how they look has brought t out the differences in how they interpret messages that are embedded in art factual and appearance (Esposito, 2007). For instance, in America, personal appearance and dress code symbolizes ones social class and orientation. Attractiveness in dress and appearance signals the element of modesty. Secondly, there is the difference in posture. Bowing for example is used to state the rank a person holds in the society while it is a religious preserve among the Muslims. Slouching on the other hand is used to show elements of rudeness in most Northern Europeans. Accordingly, talking while your hands are in pocket shows that you are disrespectful among the Turkish. As sitting with crossed legs is offensive in Ghana and Turkey, it is not a big deal in America and Canada, because it may be interpreted as a relaxed posture (Poyatos, 2002). These differences on posture are gender biased since women are restricted from sing certain postures in America but at the same time, men use them. Facial expressions also elicit many differences amongst various cultural orientations in the world. The meaning attached to the somewhat identical facial expressions differ . However they share the same meaning in respect to showing anger, crying, or smiling but the intensity of facial expression vary. For example, it is a mark able characteristic among many Asian cultures to suppress as much as possible their facial expressions. This is different from the Western culture which overly expresses their facial expressions (Ritchie, 2001). On the other hand, Latinos and Arab men exaggerate sadness and grief; American men tend to hide sorrow or grief. Among Africans women smile a lot than their male counterparts because African men perceive smiling as a sign of shallowness (Julia, 2009). The differences of eye contact are more and varied. In the US eye contact is interpreted as a degree of interest or attention, regulates interaction influences persuasion and has a central role in managing and influencing impressions of others (Esposito, 2007). Western culture advises their growing up children to look straight into somebody’s eyes while African culture disregard eye contact and somehow use it when talking and not when listening . Similarly, Arabic cultures make use of a prolonged eye contact because, it shows truthfulness in the other person and believe that it spells out interest . Someone who avoids eye contact is seen to be untrustworthy. Japanese, Caribbean and Latin Americans avoid the eye contact to exemplify their respect for those they are talking to (Hinde, 2000). Touch has several different beliefs and a number of questions about the rationale behind touching rings in many cultures. Koreans and the larger Asian culture do not touch strangers especially the opposite sex (Argyle, 2005). A case to point is where an African –American went to shop in a store belonging to a Korean. After paying for his goods, he waited for change only to be disappointed when the Korean store keeper, put down the change on the table. This upset him because he believed that this was a form of another racial discrimination and concluded that the Asian refused to touch him because of his skin color (Keller et al, 2007). As a form of non verbal communication, touch is culturally sensitive with each culture having clear concepts of which body parts to touch. In US for instance, a handshake is common for strangers while hugging and kissing mainly done for close family members and those of the opposite gender. African America somehow gets irritated if touched on the get but Native Americans are fond of this especially when congratulating children. Muslims and Hindus do not touch using the left hand because they believe that it is a symbol of social insult and stipulates less or no touching between the opposite sexes (Rudolph et al, 2001). The patterns of using touch as a form of nonverbal communication is common among the English, Germans Chinese and Japanese. Paralinguistic cues that accompany our verbal expression send different interpretation in the whole process of non verbal communication. In Japan, giggling is an indication of embarrassment and belching in India shows satisfaction. Certain voice qualifiers like pitch tone and volume are also differently understood. Loudness for instance indicate strength among the Arabs, authority and confidence for Germans and loss of control for Japanese (Julia, 2009). This also affects the gender because many cultures accept their women folk to speak more politely, apart from the Americans where there is a lot of liberty allowing everybody to do what they feel best. At the same time a lot of differences exist in the use of vocal interjections. Conclusion A lot of research is devoted to nonverbal communication because; the whole purpose of communication must follow few major facets of content, source, medium, receiver and feedback. Verbal communication plays a major role in the social interactions where a set of common signs and non verbal cues and arrive at a shared meaning and understanding. A lot of care however must taken to understand the possible differences that are found in various culture depending on the use of some non verbal communication, because at the heart of every communication process, desires meaning of the message need to be clearly understood. This will help to avoid the biasness and subsequent barriers of communication. Appendix Pictures of Non Verbal communication The pictures below show examples of non verbal communication and how it is used to express different emotions (www. linkstolove. com/bodylanguage). Reference Argyle, M (2005). Bodily Communication. Massachusetts, Taylor Francis. Esposito, A (2007). Fundamentals of Nonverbal Communication and Sociometrics. Los Angeles, IOS Press. Gahagan, J (2004). Communication and Social Interaction. New York, Routledge Hinde, R (2000), Non Verbal Communication. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Julia, W (2009). Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounter. Oxford, Cengage Learning Keller, E et al (2007). Non Verbal Communication Behaviors. Oxford, Springer. Poyatos, F (2002) Non Verbal Communication across Discipline. New York, John Benjamin Publishers Ritchie, M (2001). The Relationship of Verbal and Non verbal Communication. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter Rudolph, F et al (2001). Interpersonal Communication Skills. Michigan, Wadsworth Pub Co. Rudolph, F (2000). Communicating Without Words. Michigan, Wadsworth Pub Co.